{"id":49610,"date":"2018-08-06T13:10:28","date_gmt":"2018-08-06T17:10:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging24.finca.org\/uncategorized-en-gb\/mobile-money-gender-gap-in-financial-inclusion"},"modified":"2024-11-04T02:27:32","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T07:27:32","slug":"mobile-money-gender-gap-in-financial-inclusion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/finca.org\/en-gb\/mobile-money-gender-gap-in-financial-inclusion","title":{"rendered":"A Shifting Frontier: How Mobile Money is Reshaping the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>This article was originally published on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nextbillion.net\/mobile-money-gender-financial-inclusion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NextBillion<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Editor\u2019s note: This is the second part in a four-part series on what the World Bank\u2019s Global Findex reveals about the state of financial inclusion in 2017 and the challenges ahead as many strive for a fully inclusive world. Read the first post in the series: <a href=\"https:\/\/nextbillion.net\/2017-findex-shows-opportunity-for-microfinance\">Don\u2019t Throw the Banks Out with the Bathwater: Why the 2017 Findex Shows Opportunity for Microfinance Institutions<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Discriminatory policies and cultural norms around property rights, unfair treatment in the job market and an enormous burden of unpaid work are just a few of the disadvantages that make it harder for women to achieve equality with men. On top of these challenges, women are more likely than men to be shut out from financial services, which can be damaging for the hundreds of millions of women with little disposable income. Many organizations supporting microfinance, including FINCA International where I lead Customer Research and Field Data Services, are dedicated to addressing this gender gap by finding more efficient ways of reaching women and delivering financial tools that can improve their lives.<\/p>\n<h2>Using Findex Data to Dive Deeper into Women\u2019s Financial Inclusion<\/h2>\n<p>With the recent release of the World Bank\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/globalfindex.worldbank.org\">2017 Global Findex<\/a>, we are offered a fresh look at women\u2019s financial inclusion. Can financial technologies (\u201cfintech\u201d) help women break the cycle of poverty and financial exclusion? Innovations like mobile money and agency banking promise to dramatically lower transaction costs, while making it possible to extend services far beyond the reach of a traditional bank branch. But is that really happening? Also, how are fintech innovations changing the way women interact with banking services and are these changes narrowing the gender gap in financial inclusion\u2014or making it worse?<\/p>\n<h2>Sizing Up the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion<\/h2>\n<p>According to the most recent survey results, women\u2019s financial exclusion is a global phenomenon. Men with access to a bank account (through financial institutions and\/or mobile money services) outnumber women by about 200 million. Inequality is somewhat worse in the <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=XM-XD-XT-XN\">developing world<\/a>, where 67 percent of men have access to an account, versus 59 percent of women.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Percentage of Adults Who Own an Account<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>(Includes Financial Institution and Mobile Money Accounts)<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21263\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21263\" style=\"width: 583px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Percentage-adults-owning-account.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-21263 lazyload img-fluid\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Graph of percentage of adults owning an account\" width=\"583\" height=\"349\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21263\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21263 img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Percentage-adults-owning-account.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of percentage of adults owning an account\" width=\"583\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Percentage-adults-owning-account.jpg 550w, https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Percentage-adults-owning-account-300x179.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 583px) 100vw, 583px\" \/><\/noscript> Eurasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan; Latin America: Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Ecuador; Africa: DR-Congo, Nigeria, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia; MESA: Jordan and Pakistan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Our organization, FINCA International, and the network of 20 community-based microfinance institutions and banks collectively known as FINCA Impact Finance are working at the epicenter of women\u2019s financial inequality. In the countries where we work, the difference in account ownership between men and women is 18 percent\u2014more than double that of the developing world overall. At the regional level, Eurasia is actually a bit less unequal than the world at large, but there are striking disparities elsewhere, especially in Africa and the Middle East and South Asia (MESA) regions.<\/p>\n<h2>Is the Gender Gap Getting Bigger or Smaller?<\/h2>\n<p>Mobile money and agency banking services have expanded rapidly in the last few years, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Comparing the gender gap in 2017 and 2014, however, it is disappointing to observe that inequality hasn\u2019t changed very much, and in some places, it\u2019s even gotten worse.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Gender Gap in Account Ownership, 2014 and 2017<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>(Percent Male Account-Owners minus Percent Female Account Owners)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gender-account-ownership-gap.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-21265 aligncenter lazyload img-fluid\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Graph showing gender gap in account ownership\" width=\"570\" height=\"439\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21265 aligncenter img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gender-account-ownership-gap.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing gender gap in account ownership\" width=\"570\" height=\"439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gender-account-ownership-gap.jpg 470w, https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gender-account-ownership-gap-300x231.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>Small variations in Eurasia, Latin America and Africa are within the margin of error. But the MESA region shows a clear and worrying upswing in inequality. In these FINCA countries\u2014 Pakistan, and Jordan\u2014the gap in the rate of male and female account-holders has increased from 16 percent to 26 percent in just the last three years. During this period, the percentage of men who own accounts has grown from 21 percent in 2014 to 33 percent at present, while women have only grown three points from 5 to 8 percent.<\/p>\n<h2>Bright Spots and Red Flags<\/h2>\n<p>A 2016 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.microfinancegateway.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication_files\/new_jack_and_suri_paper_1.pdf\">study<\/a> generated some exciting headlines: mobile money services in Kenya had reduced poverty, especially for female-headed households, while creating greater occupational choice for women. If other countries want to achieve the same impact from mobile technology, they may need to replicate some of the underlying conditions, starting with widespread adoption of mobile money services among both men and women.<\/p>\n<p>As I wrote in a previous <a href=\"https:\/\/nextbillion.net\/2017-findex-shows-opportunity-for-microfinance\">article<\/a> for NextBillion, there are only a few countries in the FINCA Impact Finance network where a significant number of people rely only on mobile banking as their sole source of financial services. Traditional bank accounts are still the norm, with mobile banking being used as an additional service. There are, however, some countries where mobile banking plays an important role in expanding financial access, mostly in Africa, and a few others (like Haiti and Pakistan) where it is emergent.\u00a0 Here, we can compare the gender gap between financial institution and mobile money accounts to see what effect mobile banking services are having on women\u2019s financial inclusion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Gap Between Men and Women by Account Type<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gap_men-and-women-by-accounty-type.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-21264 aligncenter lazyload img-fluid\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Graph showing gap between men and women by account type\" width=\"630\" height=\"253\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21264 aligncenter img-fluid\" src=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gap_men-and-women-by-accounty-type.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing gap between men and women by account type\" width=\"630\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gap_men-and-women-by-accounty-type.jpg 636w, https:\/\/finca.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gap_men-and-women-by-accounty-type-300x120.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>This graph zooms-in on the gender gap among account holders, not the population at large. As seen at far left, inequality in Kenya is concentrated in financial institution accounts, where there are 18 percent more men than women. But the gap is <em>reversed<\/em> in mobile money accounts, where women outnumber men by about 22 percent. The same holds true in Malawi and Zambia: women\u2019s use of mobile banking services is outpacing men. In these countries, the use-case for mobile banking, which rests heavily on personal transfers and payments, is very relevant for women, who play an active role in managing their family\u2019s finances.\u00a0 As these services grow and evolve, women\u2019s financial equality will improve.<\/p>\n<p>Haiti and Pakistan show the opposite tendency. Pakistan is already one of the most financially excluded countries in the world, with a gender gap so big that it needs its own scale. At financial institutions, men outnumber women account holders by 68 percent. And mobile banking, which could theoretically improve women\u2019s financial participation, is not reducing the overall disparity in financial services, as it is in Africa. In fact, the gender gap is slightly <em>higher<\/em> in mobile banking (78 percent) than in financial institutions. Because the overall representation of mobile banking clients is still very small in Pakistan, this observation is not as statistically strong as it is in Africa. It is, however, consistent with other data, including a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/GSMA_The_Mobile_Gender_Gap_Report_2018_32pp_WEBv7.pdf\">GSMA report<\/a> showing that the gender gap in mobile-based internet services is 70 percent in South Asia\u2014the highest in the world.<\/p>\n<p>Seen from the demand-side, this gender gap suggests that the use-cases for mobile banking are much less visible for women outside of Africa. It also shows what can happen when <a href=\"http:\/\/www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org\/publications-a-resources\/browse-publications\/851-technology-inequality-opportunities-and-challenges-for-mobile-fianncial-services\">technology barriers<\/a>\u2014like lack of access to a compatible device and data services\u2014are layered on top of the existing obstacles to financial inclusion. \u00a0Access is not the only issue.\u00a0 Women, who are already struggling with a <a href=\"http:\/\/gflec.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/The-Gender-Gap-in-Financial-Literacy-A-Global-Perspective-Report.pdf?x87657\">deficit<\/a> in <em>financial<\/em> literacy,\u00a0now need to gain <em>digital<\/em> literacy in order to keep up with men. And while mobile services can enhance women\u2019s privacy and security, they are not without downsides, such as exposure to theft and fraud.<\/p>\n<h2>Gender-Focused Strategies Are Needed to Close the Gap<\/h2>\n<p>The cost savings and other benefits of mobile banking can clearly benefit women, as seen in Kenya and other countries in Africa. But we cannot rely on technology alone to close the gender gap. Complementary efforts are needed to ensure that women are connected, engaged and actively benefitting from these services. FINCA and other institutions that are dedicated to women\u2019s inclusion and empowerment can play an important role by designing gender-responsive products and delivery channels and holding themselves accountable for results. Otherwise, the digitization of financial services can become one more obstacle on the road to women\u2019s financial equality.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Related<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Global Financial Literacy Center, <a href=\"http:\/\/gflec.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/The-Gender-Gap-in-Financial-Literacy-A-Global-Perspective-Report.pdf?x87657\">The Gender Gap in Financial Literacy: A Global Perspective<\/a> (2017)<\/p>\n<p>GSMA, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/connected-women\/the-mobile-gender-gap-report-2018\">Connected Women: The Mobile Gender Gap Report<\/a> (2018)<\/p>\n<p>Leon Perlman (CFI), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org\/publications-a-resources\/browse-publications\/851-technology-inequality-opportunities-and-challenges-for-mobile-fianncial-services\">Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services<\/a> (2017)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women are more likely than men to be shut out from financial services. Scott Graham explores whether financial technologies can help women break the cycle of poverty and financial exclusion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":350,"featured_media":49611,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[386],"tags":[399,392,393,398],"class_list":["post-49610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en-gb","tag-financial-inclusion-en-gb","tag-fincas-voices-en-gb","tag-microfinance-en-gb","tag-womens-empowerment-en-gb"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mobile Money is Reshaping the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"FINCA\u2019s Scott Graham explores how financial technologies can help women break the 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